
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X17. Additional results: including group/dyad-years even if the group/dyad has been involved in civil/communal violence in the previous year.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Civil violence (group)</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj. (model A52)</td><td>Min. (model A53)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A54)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A55)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-1.556<sup>***</sup></td><td>-1.043<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.203</td><td>-1.238<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.415)</td><td>(0.401)</td><td>(0.529)</td><td>(0.460)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2.318<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.498)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included</td><td>-1.465<sup>***</sup></td><td>-1.099<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.218)</td><td>(0.262)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.057</td><td>-0.651<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.325)</td><td>(0.313)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.569</td><td>0.526</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.461)</td><td>(0.412)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state)</td><td>-1.192<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.342<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.589)</td><td>(0.745)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.177</td><td>2.242</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.873)</td><td>(1.907)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.286</td><td>0.232</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.905)</td><td>(0.930)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit)</td><td>0.805<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.073<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.383)</td><td>(0.426)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.950<sup>†</sup></td><td>2.013<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.037)</td><td>(1.032)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-1.013<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.992<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.292)</td><td>(0.293)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.012</td><td>-0.029</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.315)</td><td>(0.316)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.269<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.196<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.354<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.364<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.074)</td><td>(0.062)</td><td>(0.112)</td><td>(0.111)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.291<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.271<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.073)</td><td>(0.065)</td><td>(0.123)</td><td>(0.117)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.001<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.0004</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.0005)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>0.836<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.871<sup>***</sup></td><td>1.021<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.053<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.233)</td><td>(0.211)</td><td>(0.509)</td><td>(0.493)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.061</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.048</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.085)</td><td>(0.100)</td><td>(0.176)</td><td>(0.162)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.021</td><td>0.025</td><td>-0.182<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.161<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.072)</td><td>(0.063)</td><td>(0.094)</td><td>(0.092)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.227<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.249<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.148</td><td>-0.105</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.101)</td><td>(0.117)</td><td>(0.162)</td><td>(0.160)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>0.006</td><td>-0.094</td><td>0.005</td><td>0.011</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.083)</td><td>(0.096)</td><td>(0.174)</td><td>(0.163)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>0.411</td><td>-0.137</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.225</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.302)</td><td>(0.350)</td><td>(0.507)</td><td>(0.495)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>0.041</td><td>-0.182</td><td>1.636</td><td>1.671</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.635)</td><td>(0.639)</td><td>(1.177)</td><td>(1.141)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.009</td><td>0.207<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.028</td><td>0.035</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.105)</td><td>(0.125)</td><td>(0.177)</td><td>(0.170)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years</td><td>-0.940<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.936<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.065)</td><td>(0.071)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 2</td><td>0.066<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.063<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.006)</td><td>(0.009)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.002<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0002)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence spatial lag</td><td>2.458<sup>***</sup></td><td>2.727<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.167)</td><td>(0.256)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.905<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.898<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.135)</td><td>(0.138)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.068<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.067<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.014)</td><td>(0.014)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.002<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.002<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0004)</td><td>(0.0004)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.321<sup>***</sup></td><td>2.279<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.304)</td><td>(0.312)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>-1.174</td><td>-3.397<sup>**</sup></td><td>-23.663<sup>***</sup></td><td>-24.240<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.417)</td><td>(1.298)</td><td>(2.329)</td><td>(2.371)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>82,420</td><td>183,173</td><td>205,351</td><td>205,351</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-3,744.616</td><td>-6,053.955</td><td>-2,609.146</td><td>-2,578.875</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>7,599.233</td><td>12,217.910</td><td>5,336.293</td><td>5,277.749</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of civil/communal violence involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
